Introduction -- The nineteenth-century origins of exclusion in the professions -- Defense of the corps : the medical mobilization against foreigners and naturalized citizens -- The art of medicine : access and status -- The barrier of the law bar -- Citizens into lawyers : extra assimilation required -- Lawyers during Vichy Regime : exclusion in the law -- L'ordre des medecins : corporatist debut and anti-Semitic climax -- Conclusion : postwar continuities and the rupture of public apology.
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