| Description |
1 online resource (334 pages : illustrations) : digital |
| Physical Medium |
monochrome |
| Description |
text file |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references. |
| Contents |
Introduction -- Existing frameworks and approaches -- The Committee's framework -- Scoping, problem formulation, and identifying alternatives -- Physicochemical properties and environmental fate -- Comparative exposure assessment -- Assessment of ecotoxicity -- Human health -- Integration of information to identify safer alternatives -- Life cycle, performance, and economic considerations -- Identifying, comparing, and implementing alternatives -- Case studies -- Chemical design: an opportunity for innovation -- Appendices. |
| Summary |
Historically, regulations governing chemical use have often focused on widely used chemicals and acute human health effects of exposure to them, as well as their potential to cause cancer and other adverse health effects. As scientific knowledge has expanded there has been an increased awareness of the mechanisms through which chemicals may exert harmful effects on human health, as well as their effects on other species and ecosystems. Identification of high-priority chemicals and other chemicals of concern has prompted a growing number of state and local governments, as well as major companies, to take steps beyond existing hazardous chemical federal legislation. Interest in approaches and policies that ensure that any new substances substituted for chemicals of concern are assessed as carefully and thoroughly as possible has also burgeoned. The overarching goal of these approaches is to avoid regrettable substitutions, which occur when a toxic chemical is replaced by another chemical that later proved unsuitable because of persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, or other concerns. Chemical alternative assessments are tools designed to facilitate consideration of these factors to assist stakeholders in identifying chemicals that may have the greatest likelihood of harm to human and ecological health, and to provide guidance on how the industry may develop and adopt safer alternatives. A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives develops and demonstrates a decision framework for evaluating potentially safer substitute chemicals as primarily determined by human health and ecological risks. This new framework is informed by previous efforts by regulatory agencies, academic institutions, and others to develop alternative assessment frameworks that could be operationalized. In addition to hazard assessments, the framework incorporates steps for life-cycle thinking - which considers possible impacts of a chemical at all stages including production, use, and disposal - as well as steps for performance and economic assessments. The report also highlights how modern information sources such as computational modeling can supplement traditional toxicology data in the assessment process. This new framework allows the evaluation of the full range of benefits and shortcomings of substitutes, and examination of tradeoffs between these risks and factors such as product functionality, product efficacy, process safety, and resource use. Through case studies, this report demonstrates how different users in contrasting decision contexts with diverse priorities can apply the framework. This report will be an essential resource to the chemical industry, environmentalists, ecologists, and state and local governments. |
| Local Note |
eBooks on EBSCOhost EBSCO eBook Subscription Academic Collection - North America |
| Subject |
Chemicals -- Safety measures.
|
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Chemicals -- Safety measures. |
|
Chemical industry -- Safety measures.
|
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Chemical industry -- Safety measures. |
| Genre/Form |
Electronic books.
|
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Electronic books.
|
| Added Author |
National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology.
|
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National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology.
|
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National Research Council (U.S.). Division on Earth and Life Studies.
|
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National Academies Press (U.S.)
|
| Other Form: |
Print version: Council, National Research. Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives. Washington : National Academies Press, ©1900 9780309310130 |
| ISBN |
9780309310147 electronic book |
|
0309310148 electronic book |
|
9780309310130 (paperback) : $73.00 |
|
9780309314435 |
|
0309314437 |
|
030931013X |
|
9780309310130 |
|
