Independence and early relations -- The railroad era -- The French period -- Canal diplomacy, 1902-1919 -- From gunboats to the nuclear age, 1920-1945 -- Uneasy partners, 1945-1960 -- A time of troubles and treaties, 1960-1979 -- Treaty implementation, 1979-1985 -- The Noriega crisis and Bush's ordeal -- Canal ownership and sovereignty at last -- Beyond the forced alliance.
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