ǂt Late nineteenth-century American realism -- ǂt Late nineteenth-century American naturalism -- ǂt Frank Norris's definition of naturalism -- ǂt The evolutionary foundation of W.D. Howells's Criticism and fiction -- ǂt Evolution and criticism: Thomas Sergeant Perry -- ǂt Evolutionary criticism and the defense of Howellsian realism -- ǂt Evolutionary ideas in late nineteenth-century English and American literary criticism -- ǂt Hamlin Garland and Stephen Crane: the naturalist as romantic individualist -- ǂt The significance of Frank Norris's literary criticism -- ǂt The ethical unity of The rise of Silas Lapham -- ǂt The Garland-Crane relationship -- ǂt Stephen Crane's Maggie and American naturalism -- ǂt Synthetic criticism and Frank Norris's The octopus
